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Louisiana (Standard French: État de Louisiane or La Louisiane; Spanish: Luisiana) is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United is the 20th-smallest by area . Louisiana in State abbreviations. Abbr. Meaning. LDE. Louisiana Department of Education. Education, Department, Teaching. Abbr. Meaning. MD. LA: LA: LA: La. La. Maine: State: US-ME: ME: ME: ME: Maine: Maine: Maryland: State: US-MD: MD: MD: MD: Md. Md. Mar., Mary. Massachusetts: State: US-MA: MA: MA: .
 
 

Louisiana abbreviation.Louisiana Abbreviation

 

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The entire state is vulnerable to a tornado strike, with the extreme southern portion of the state slightly less so than the rest of the state. Tornadoes are more common from January to March in the southern part of the state, and from February through March in the northern part of the state. Owing to its location and geology, the state has high biological diversity. Some vital areas, such as southwestern prairie, have experienced a loss in excess of 98 percent.

The pine flatwoods are also at great risk, mostly from fire suppression and urban sprawl. There is not yet a properly organized system of natural areas to represent and protect Louisiana’s biological diversity. Such a system would consist of a protected system of core areas linked by biological corridors, such as Florida is planning. Louisiana contains a number of areas which, to varying degrees, prevent people from using them. One of Louisiana’s largest government-owned areas is Kisatchie National Forest.

It is some , acres in area, more than half of which is flatwoods vegetation, which supports many rare plant and animal species. The system of government-owned cypress swamps around Lake Pontchartrain is another large area, with southern wetland species including egrets, alligators, and sturgeon. At least 12 core areas would be needed to build a «protected areas system» for the state; these would range from southwestern prairies, to the Pearl River Floodplain in the east, to the Mississippi River alluvial swamps in the north.

Additionally, the state operates a system of 22 state parks, 17 state historic sites and one state preservation area; in these lands, Louisiana maintains a diversity of fauna and flora.

Historic or scenic areas managed, protected, or otherwise recognized by the National Park Service include:. Louisiana contains incorporated municipalities, consisting of four consolidated city-parishes , and cities, towns, and villages. Louisiana’s municipalities cover only 7. The oldest permanent settlement in the state is Nachitoches. The most populous city is New Orleans. As defined by the U. Census Bureau , Louisiana contains nine metropolitan statistical areas.

The majority of the state’s growing population lives in southern Louisiana, spread throughout Greater New Orleans , the Florida Parishes , and Acadiana , [] [] [] while Central and North Louisiana have been losing population. According to immigration statistics in , approximately four percent of Louisianians were immigrants, while another four percent were native-born U. The population density of the state is At the end of the 20th century, Louisiana’s population has experienced diversification again, and its non-Hispanic or Latino American white population has been declining.

Other Hispanic and Latino Americans altogether made up 2. The Asian American and multiracial communities have also experienced rapid growth, [] with many of Louisiana’s multiracial population identifying as Cajun or Louisiana Creole.

As of , Non-denominational Evangelical Protestant churches had , members. As in other southern U. For instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states. Jewish communities are established in the state’s larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge. In , before the Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12, Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dominant Jewish movements in the state include Orthodox and Reform Judaism. Benjamin — , who represented Louisiana in the U. Senate before the American Civil War and then became the Confederate secretary of state; Democrat-turned-Republican Michael Hahn who was elected as governor, serving — when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in as a U.

House of Representatives from until his death in ; Republican secretary of state Jay Dardenne — , and Republican Democrat before attorney general Buddy Caldwell —.

Other non-Christian religions are also primarily established in the metropolitan areas of Louisiana, including Islam , Buddhism and Hinduism. Louisiana’s population, agricultural products , abundance of oil and natural gas , and southern Louisiana’s medical and technology corridors have contributed to its growing and diversifying economy.

Among its energy and other industries, chemical products, petroleum and coal products, processed foods, transportation equipment, and paper products have contributed to a significant portion of the state’s GSP.

Tourism and gaming are also important elements in the economy, especially in Greater New Orleans. The Port of South Louisiana , located on the Mississippi River between New Orleans and Baton Rouge , was the largest volume shipping port in the Western Hemisphere and 4th largest in the world, as well as the largest bulk cargo port in the U. New Orleans , Shreveport , and Baton Rouge are home to a thriving film industry. The state sales tax rate is 4.

Property taxes are assessed and collected at the local level. Louisiana is a subsidized state, and Louisiana taxpayers receive more federal funding per dollar of federal taxes paid compared to the average state.

Federal spending in and subsequent years since has been exceptionally high due to the recovery from Hurricane Katrina. Louisiana is home to many cultures; especially notable are the distinct cultures of the Louisiana Creoles and Cajuns , descendants of French and Spanish settlers in colonial Louisiana. The French colony of La Louisiane struggled for decades to survive. Conditions were harsh, the climate and soil were unsuitable for certain crops the colonists knew, and they suffered from regional tropical diseases.

Both colonists and the slaves they imported had high mortality rates. The settlers kept importing slaves, which resulted in a high proportion of native Africans from West Africa, who continued to practice their culture in new surroundings.

As described by historian Gwendolyn Midlo Hall , they developed a marked Afro-Creole culture in the colonial era. At the turn of the 18th century and in the early s, New Orleans received a major influx of White and mixed-race refugees fleeing the violence of the Haitian Revolution , many of whom brought their slaves with them. They strongly influenced the African-American culture of the city in terms of dance, music and religious practices.

Over time, there developed in the French colony a relatively large group of Creoles of Color gens de couleur libres , who were primarily descended from African slave women and French men later other Europeans became part of the mix, as well as some Native Americans. Often the French would free their concubines and mixed-race children, and pass on social capital to them. They also settled capital or property on their mistresses and children.

The free people of color gained more rights in the colony and sometimes education; they generally spoke French and were Roman Catholic. Many became artisans and property owners. Over time, the term «Creole» became associated with this class of Creoles of color, many of whom achieved freedom long before the American Civil War. Wealthy French Creoles generally maintained town houses in New Orleans as well as houses on their large sugar plantations outside town along the Mississippi River.

New Orleans had the largest population of free people of color in the region; they could find work there and created their own culture, marrying among themselves for decades.

After the Acadians refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the British Crown, they were expelled from Acadia , and made their way to places such as France, Britain, and New England. They developed a distinct rural culture there, different from the French Creole colonists of New Orleans. Intermarrying with others in the area, they developed what was called Cajun music, cuisine and culture. Its members are descendants of colonists from the Canary Islands who settled in Spanish Louisiana between and and intermarried with other communities such as Frenchman , Acadians , Creoles , Spaniards , and other groups, mainly through the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Of those settlements, Valenzuela and San Bernardo were the most successful as the other two were plagued with both disease and flooding. The large migration of Acadian refugees to Bayou Lafourche led to the rapid gallicization of the Valenzuela community while the community of San Bernardo Saint Bernard was able to preserve much of its unique culture and language into the 21st century.

This being said, the transmission of Spanish and other customs has completely halted in St. Bernard with those having competency in Spanish being octogenarians. Bernard Parish which features heritage performances from local groups and the Canary Islands. According to a study by the Modern Language Association among persons aged five years and older, [] Historically, Native American peoples in the area at the time of European encounter were seven tribes distinguished by their languages: Caddo , Tunica , Natchez , Houma , Choctaw , Atakapa , and Chitimacha.

Among these were the Alabama , Biloxi, Koasati, and Ofo peoples. Only Koasati still has native speakers in Louisiana Choctaw, Alabama and possibly Caddo are still spoken in other states , although several tribes are working to revitalize their languages.

Starting in the s, French colonists began to settle along the coast and founded New Orleans. They established French culture and language institutions. They imported thousands of slaves from tribes of West Africa, who spoke several different languages.

In the creolization process, the slaves developed a Louisiana Creole dialect incorporating both French and African forms, which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery.

In the 20th century, there were still people of mixed race, particularly, who spoke Louisiana Creole French. During the 19th century after the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, English gradually gained prominence for business and government due to the shift in population with settlement by numerous Americans who were English speakers.

Many ethnic French families continued to use French in private. Slaves and some free people of color also spoke Louisiana Creole French. The State Constitution of gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread. Subsequent state constitutions reflect the diminishing importance of French. The constitution, passed during the Reconstruction era before Louisiana was re-admitted to the Union, banned laws requiring the publication of legal proceedings in languages other than English.

Subsequently, the legal status of French recovered somewhat, but it never regained its pre- Civil War prominence. Several unique dialects of French, Creole, and English are spoken in Louisiana.

Louisiana Creole French is the term for one of the Creole languages. Both accents were influenced by large communities of immigrant Irish and Italians, but the Yat dialect, which developed in New Orleans, was also influenced by French and Spanish. Colonial French was the dominant language of white settlers in Louisiana during the French colonial period; it was spoken primarily by the French Creoles native-born. In addition to this dialect, the mixed-race people and slaves developed Louisiana Creole , with a base in West African languages.

The limited years of Spanish rule at the end of the 18th century did not result in widespread adoption of the Spanish language. French and Louisiana Creole are still used in modern-day Louisiana, often in family gatherings. English and its associated dialects became predominant after the Louisiana Purchase of , after which the area became dominated by numerous English speakers.

In some regions, English was influenced by French, as seen with Louisiana English. Colonial French , although mistakenly named Cajun French by some Cajuns, has persisted alongside English. Renewed interest in the French language in Louisiana has led to the establishment of Canadian-modeled French immersion schools, as well as bilingual signage in the historic French neighborhoods of New Orleans and Lafayette.

In addition to private organizations, since the state has maintained the Council for the Development of French in Louisiana CODOFIL , which promotes use of the French language in the state’s tourism, economic development, culture, education and international relations.

In , Louisiana became the first U. Louisiana State University is the largest and most comprehensive university in Louisiana; [] the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is the second largest by enrollment.

Of note among the education system, the Louisiana Science Education Act was a controversial law passed by the Louisiana Legislature on June 11, , and signed into law by Governor Bobby Jindal on June In , of all of the states, Louisiana had the highest percentage of students in private schools.

Danielle Dreilinger of The Times Picayune wrote in that «Louisiana parents have a national reputation for favoring private schools. This prompted private schools to lobby for school vouchers. Louisiana’s school voucher program is known as the Louisiana Scholarship Program. It was available in the New Orleans area beginning in and in the rest of the state beginning in The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development is the state government organization in charge of maintaining public transportation , roadways, bridges, canals , select levees , floodplain management, port facilities, commercial vehicles, and aviation which includes 69 airports.

Figures derived from the NHTSA show at least 25 persons in Louisiana were killed per year in motor vehicle collisions with non-fixed objects, including debris, dumped litter, animals and their carcasses. Amtrak , the national passenger railroad, operates three long-distance rail routes through Louisiana. Other transit organizations are St. During the Louisiana World Exposition , there was a gondola system built to go across the Mississippi River , called Mississippi Aerial River Transit , but was closed less than a year later.

The Louisiana Transportation Authority under the Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development was created in to «promote, plan, finance, develop, construct, control, regulate, operate and maintain any tollway or transitway to be constructed within its jurisdiction. Development, construction, improvement, expansion, and maintenance of an efficient, safe, and well-maintained intermodal transportation system is essential to promote Louisiana’s economic growth and the ability of Louisiana’s business and industry to compete in regional, national, and global markets and to provide a high quality of life for the people of Louisiana.

It is also the second lowest-lying international airport in the world, at just 4. A total of 69 public-use airports exist in Louisiana. The Gulf Intracoastal Waterway is an important means of transporting commercial goods such as petroleum and petroleum products, agricultural produce, building materials and manufactured goods. In , the state sued the federal government to repair erosion along the waterway.

In , the state moved the capital from New Orleans to Baton Rouge. Donaldsonville , Opelousas , and Shreveport have briefly served as the seat of Louisiana state government. Louisiana has six congressional districts and is represented in the U. House of Representatives by five Republicans and one Democrat. Louisiana had eight votes in the Electoral College for the election. In a study, Louisiana was ranked as the 24th hardest state for citizens to vote in.

Louisiana is divided into 64 parishes the equivalent of counties in most other states. Most parishes have an elected government known as the Police Jury, [] dating from the colonial days. It is the legislative and executive government of the parish, and is elected by the voters. Its members are called Jurors, and together they elect a president as their chairman. A more limited number of parishes operate under home rule charters, electing various forms of government. This include mayor—council, council—manager in which the council hires a professional operating manager for the parish , and others.

The Louisiana political and legal structure has maintained several elements from the times of French and Spanish governance.

One is the use of the term » parish » from the French: paroisse in place of » county » for administrative subdivision. Louisiana’s civil law system is what the majority of sovereign states in the world use, especially in Europe and its former colonies, excluding those that derive their legal systems from the British Empire.

Although the Napoleonic Code and Louisiana law draw from common legal roots, the Napoleonic Code was never in force in Louisiana, as it was enacted in , after the United States had purchased and annexed Louisiana in While the Louisiana Civil Code of has been continuously revised and updated since its enactment, it is still considered the controlling authority in the state.

Differences are found between Louisianian civil law and the common law found in the other U. While some of these differences have been bridged due to the strong influence of common law tradition, [] the civil law tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of Louisiana private law.

In , Louisiana became the first state to offer the option of a traditional marriage or a covenant marriage. To divorce under a covenant marriage, a couple must demonstrate cause. Marriages between ascendants and descendants, and marriages between collaterals within the fourth degree i.

Supreme Court declared such bans unconstitutional in , in its ruling in Obergefell v. Same-sex marriages are now performed statewide. Louisiana is a community property state.

From to , a period when Louisiana had effectively disfranchised most African Americans and many poor whites by provisions of a new constitution, [] this was essentially a one-party state dominated by white Democrats. Elites had control in the early 20th century, before populist Huey Long came to power as governor.

The franchise for whites was expanded somewhat during these decades, but blacks remained essentially disfranchised until after the civil rights movement of the midth century, gaining enforcement of their constitutional rights through passage by Congress of the Voting Rights Act of Since the s, when civil rights legislation was passed under President Lyndon Johnson to protect voting and civil rights, most African Americans in the state have affiliated with the Democratic Party.

In the same years, many white social conservatives have moved to support Republican Party candidates in national, gubernatorial and statewide elections. Harris , who took office in during Reconstruction, was chosen by the state legislature under the rules of the 19th century.

Louisiana is unique among U. All candidates, regardless of party affiliation, run in a nonpartisan blanket primary or «jungle primary» on Election Day.

This run-off method does not take into account party identification; therefore, it is not uncommon for a Democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow Democrat or a Republican to be in a runoff with a fellow Republican. Congressional races have also been held under the jungle primary system. All other states except Washington , California , and Maine use single-party primaries followed by a general election between party candidates, each conducted by either a plurality voting system or runoff voting , to elect senators, representatives, and statewide officials.

Between and , federal congressional elections were run under a closed primary system—limited to registered party members. However, upon the passage of House Bill , Louisiana again adopted a nonpartisan blanket primary for its federal congressional elections.

Louisiana has six seats in the U. House of Representatives , five of which are currently held by Republicans and one by a Democrat. Though the state historically flips between Republican and Democratic governors, Louisiana is not classified as a swing state in presidential elections, as it has consistently voted for the Republican candidate by solid margins since backing Democrat Bill Clinton in The state’s two U.

Louisiana’s statewide police force is the Louisiana State Police. It began in with the creation of the Highway Commission. In , a second branch, the Bureau of Criminal Investigations, was formed. In , the State Highway Patrol was authorized to carry weapons.

On July 28, , the two branches were consolidated to form the Louisiana Department of State Police; its motto was «courtesy, loyalty, service». In , this office was abolished and became a division of the Department of Public Safety, called the Louisiana State Police. In , the Criminal Investigation Bureau was reorganized. Each year, they patrol over 12 million miles 20 million km of roadway and arrest about 10, impaired drivers.

The State Police are primarily a traffic enforcement agency, with other sections that delve into trucking safety, narcotics enforcement, and gaming oversight. The elected sheriff in each parish is the chief law enforcement officer in the parish.

They are the keepers of the local parish prisons, which house felony and misdemeanor prisoners. They are the primary criminal patrol and first responder agency in all matters criminal and civil. They are also the official tax collectors in each parish. The sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parishes.

Orleans Parish is an exception, as the general law enforcement duties fall to the New Orleans Police Department. Before , Orleans Parish was the only parish to have two sheriff’s offices. Orleans Parish divided sheriffs’ duties between criminal and civil, with a different elected sheriff overseeing each aspect. In , a bill was passed which eventually consolidated the two sheriff’s departments into one parish sheriff responsible for both civil and criminal matters.

In , Louisiana had a higher murder rate Louisiana is the only state with an annual average murder rate In a different kind of criminal activity, the Chicago Tribune reports that Louisiana is the most corrupt state in the United States. According to The Times Picayune , Louisiana is the prison capital of the world. Many for-profit private prisons and sheriff-owned prisons have been built and operate here. Louisiana’s incarceration rate is nearly five times Iran’s, 13 times China’s and 20 times Germany’s.

Minorities are incarcerated at rates disproportionate to their share of the state’s population. The New Orleans Police Department began a new sanctuary policy to «no longer cooperate with federal immigration enforcement» beginning on February 28, The judiciary of Louisiana is defined under the constitution and law of Louisiana and is composed of the Louisiana Supreme Court , the Louisiana Circuit Courts of Appeal , the district courts, the Justice of the Peace courts, the mayor’s courts, the city courts, and the parish courts.

The chief justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court is the chief administrator of the judiciary. Louisiana is nominally the least populous state with more than one major professional sports league franchise: the National Basketball Association ‘s New Orleans Pelicans and the National Football League ‘s New Orleans Saints.

As of , Louisiana was the birthplace of the most NFL players per capita for the eighth year in a row. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the U. For other uses, see Louisiana disambiguation. State in the United States. La Louisiane Cajun French. Driskill Mountain [4] [5]. New Orleans [4] [5]. Flag of Louisiana. Main article: History of Louisiana. Further information: Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands.

Main article: History of slavery in Louisiana. Main articles: Admission to the Union , List of U. Main article: Mississippi River Delta. See also: List of Louisiana state parks and List of Louisiana state historic sites. See also: List of municipalities in Louisiana , List of Louisiana metropolitan areas , and List of Louisiana locations by per capita income. Largest cities or towns in Louisiana Source: [].

Main article: Demographics of Louisiana. Religion in Louisiana [] Religion Percent Protestant. See also: Louisiana locations by per capita income. Further information: List of school districts in Louisiana , List of colleges and universities in Louisiana , and French immersion in Louisiana. Highways in Louisiana , and List of state highways in Louisiana.

Louisiana passenger rail. Sunset Limited to Los Angeles. City of New Orleans to Chicago. Crescent to New York City. See also: List of Louisiana railroads. See also: List of airports in Louisiana. Politics of Louisiana. Constitution and law.

Weimer I Justice William J. Crain R Justice Scott J. Crichton R Justice James T. Administrative divisions. Parishes 64 Municipalities School districts. Federal representation. Kennedy R U. Main articles: Elections in Louisiana , Political party strength in Louisiana , and Louisiana congressional districts. See also: List of law enforcement agencies in Louisiana. Terry Bradshaw , former NFL quarterback and sports personality [] James Carville , political strategist known for his success with Bill Clinton’s presidential campaign [] Ellen DeGeneres , comedian, television host, actress, writer, and producer [] Armand Duplantis , pole vaulter.

Smith Jr. August 7, Archived from the original on September 26, Retrieved August 14, Baton rouge. Connecting U. May 3, Archived from the original on February 9, United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on October 15, Retrieved October 21, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Archived from the original on September 21, Retrieved October 9, Modern Language Association.

Archived from the original on December 1, Retrieved June 14, Atlantic Studies. States with five or fewer letters, plus Alaska and Hawaii, are never abbreviated. The United States may be abbreviated to U. Most often, and especially in casual writing, remove the periods to spell out the United States as US. Take The State Capital Quiz! Louisiana Association of Basketball Coaches. Louisiana Association of Beverage Alcohol Licensees. Louisiana Association of Business Educators.

Louisiana Association of Career and Technical Education. Louisiana Association of Colleges for Teacher Education. Louisiana Association of Drug Court Professionals.

Louisiana Association of Nonprofit Organizations. Louisiana Association of Nurse Anesthetists. Louisiana Association of Principals. Louisiana Association of School Executives. Louisiana Association of Tax Administrators. Louisiana Association of the Deaf. Louisiana Automobile Insurance Plan.

Louisiana Baptist University. Louisiana Board of Pharmacy. Louisiana Cancer Control Partnership. Louisiana Center for Excellence in Autism. Louisiana Center for Manufacturing Sciences. Louisiana Center for the Blind. Louisiana Certified Investigator. Louisiana Chemical Association. Louisiana Chemical Industrial Alliance. Louisiana Chess Association. Louisiana Coastal Area. Louisiana Coastal Management Division. Louisiana Coastal Restoration Fund. Louisiana College.

Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service. Louisiana Council of Teachers of English. Louisiana Counseling Association. Louisiana Crawfish Farmers Association. Louisiana Dental Association.

Louisiana Department of Agriculture and Forestry. Louisiana Department of Education. Louisiana Department of Health and Hospitals.

Louisiana Department of Insurance. Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. Louisiana Department of Revenue. Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. Louisiana Dietetic Association.

Louisiana District Attorneys Association. Louisiana Eastern. Louisiana Education Loan Authority. Louisiana Education Quality Support Fund. Louisiana Education Research Association. Louisiana Educational Assessment Program. Louisiana Educational Leaders Network. Louisiana Educational Television Authority. Louisiana Electronic Assistance Program. Louisiana Emergency Preparedness Association. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities.

Louisiana Energy and Power Authority. Louisiana Environmental Action Network. Louisiana Environmental News Network. Louisiana Environmental Professionals Association. Louisiana Family Forum. Louisiana Family Recovery Corps. Louisiana Farm Bureau Federation. Louisiana Farmers Union. Louisiana Federal Credit Union. Louisiana Federation of College Republicans. Louisiana Federation of Music Clubs. Louisiana Food Bank Association. Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory. Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault.

Louisiana French. Louisiana Geriatrics Society. Louisiana Head Start Association. Louisiana Health and Rehab Center. Louisiana Health Care Alliance. Louisiana Health Care Authority. Louisiana Health Care Review. One of those is FastStart, a state workforce training program providing customized employee recruitment, screening, training development, and training delivery for eligible, new or expanding companies — all at no cost.

Employer and employees will likely be interested in the minimum wage in Louisiana. Our page that is dedicated to this shows you the minimum wage that employers must pay employees, recent changes in the minimum wage rate, future proposed increases, and historical Louisiana minimum wage rates over the past several years.

People use state abbreviations all the time in everyday life and business, it is important to understand the unique two-letter abbreviation representing each state in the U. How to Register a Business in Louisiana. What is the Louisiana State Tree? How much does it cost to register a business in Louisiana? What is the Minimum Wage for Servers in Louisiana?